In this example we demonstrate how a Python function can be recorded in a pycppad function object and then evaluated at much higher speeds than the Python evaluation.
Define $y : \B{R}^2 \times \B{R} \rightarrow \B{R}^n$ by $$\begin{array}{rcl} y(x, 0) & = & x_0 \\ \partial_t y(x, t) & = & x_1 y(x, t) \end{array}$$ It follows that $$y(x, t) = x_0 \exp ( x_1 t )$$ Suppose we want to compute values for the function $g : \B{R}^2 \rightarrow \B{R}$ defined by $$g(x) = y(x, 1)$$ In this example we compare the execution time for doing this in pure Python with using a pycppad function object to compute $g(x)$ in C++.
Source Code  from pycppad import * import time def pycppad_test_runge_kutta_4_cpp() : x_1 = 0; # use this variable to switch x_1 between float and ad(float) def fun(t , y) : f = x_1 * y return f # Number of Runge-Kutta times steps to include in the function object M = 100 # Start time for recording the pycppad function object s0 = time.time() # Declare three independent variables. The operation sequence does not # depend on x, so we could use any value here. x = numpy.array( [.1, .1, .1] ) a_x = independent( numpy.array( x ) ) # First independent variables, x[0], is the value of y(0) a_y = numpy.array( [ a_x[0] ] ) # Make x_1 a variable so can use rk4 with various coefficients. x_1 = a_x[1] # Make dt a variable so can use rk4 with various step sizes. dt = a_x[2] # f(t, y) does not depend on t, so no need to make t a variable. t = ad(0.) # Record the operations for 10 time step for k in range(M) : a_y = runge_kutta_4(fun, t, a_y, dt) t = t + dt # define the AD function rk4 : x -> y rk4 = adfun(a_x, a_y) # amount of time it took to tape this function object tape_sec = time.time() - s0 # make the fucntion object more efficient s0 = time.time() rk4.optimize() opt_sec = time.time() - s0 ti = 0. # initial time tf = 1. # final time N = M * 100 # number of time steps dt = (tf - ti) / N # size of time step x_0 = 2. # use this for initial value of y(t) x_1 = .5 # use this for coefficient in ODE # python version of integrator with float values s0 = time.time() t = ti y = numpy.array( [ x_0 ] ); for k in range(N) : y = runge_kutta_4(fun, t, y, dt) t = t + dt # number of seconds to solve the ODE using python float python_sec = time.time() - s0 # check solution is correct assert( abs( y[0] - x_0 * exp( x_1 * tf ) ) < 1e-10 ) # pycppad function object version of integrator s0 = time.time() t = ti x = numpy.array( [ x_0 , x_1 , dt ] ) for k in range(N/M) : y = rk4.forward(0, x); x[0] = y[0]; # number of seconds to solve the ODE using pycppad function object cpp_sec = time.time() - s0 # check solution is correct assert( abs( y[0] - x_0 * exp( x_1 * tf ) ) < 1e-10 ) # Uncomment the print statement below to see actual times on your machine format = 'cpp_sec = %8f,\n' format = format + 'python_sec/cpp_sec = %5.1f\n' format = format + 'tape_sec/cpp_sec = %5.1f\n' format = format + 'opt_sec/cpp_sec = %5.1f' s = cpp_sec # print format % (s, python_sec/s, tape_sec/s, opt_sec/s ) # check that C++ is always more than 30 times faster (on all systems) assert( 30. * cpp_sec <= python_sec )